Browse by Ailments

Acute diarrhea refers to the sudden onset of loose, watery stools that last for a short period (typically less than two weeks). It is often caused by infections or reactions to food, medication, or other external factors.

Anaemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin, leading to a reduced capacity of the blood to carry oxygen to tissues and organs. This can result from various underlying causes and may range from mild to severe.

Bleeding disorders are conditions that impair the blood's ability to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding or difficulty stopping bleeding. These disorders can be inherited or acquired and vary in severity from mild to life-threatening.

Dengue is a viral illness transmitted by mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species. It is caused by the dengue virus, which has four distinct serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4). Dengue is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa. The disease can range from mild to severe, and in severe cases, it can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS), which can be life-threatening.

Fatigue is a common and often debilitating condition characterized by a persistent feeling of tiredness or lack of energy that is not relieved by rest or sleep. It can affect a person's physical, mental, and emotional well-being, and it can significantly impair daily functioning and quality of life. Fatigue can be acute (short-term) or chronic (lasting more than six months) and can result from a wide range of causes, from lifestyle factors to underlying medical conditions.

High blood cholesterol and triglycerides are conditions characterized by elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood. These conditions are significant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease and stroke. Managing these lipid levels is crucial for reducing the risk of cardiovascular events and promoting overall health.

Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition where the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. This condition can lead to serious health issues over time, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and recorded with two numbers: systolic (the pressure when the heart beats) over diastolic (the pressure when the heart rests between beats).

Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland, located at the front of the neck, doesn't produce enough thyroid hormones. These hormones are essential for regulating metabolism, energy levels, and overall bodily functions. Hypothyroidism can lead to a wide range of symptoms and, if untreated, can cause serious health issues.

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious viral infection that affects the respiratory system. Caused by influenza viruses, it can lead to mild to severe illness and, in some cases, can be life-threatening. The flu is characterized by its seasonal outbreaks, often peaking during the colder months.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints. It is characterized by inflammation in the synovial lining of the joints, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and eventually joint damage. Unlike osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative joint disease, RA is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy joint tissues. RA can affect other systems in the body as well, including the skin, eyes, and internal organs.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also involve other parts of the body, such as the kidneys, spine, or brain. TB spreads through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. TB can be classified into two main types: latent TB (where the bacteria are present but not causing symptoms) and active TB (where the bacteria are causing symptoms and can be spread to others).

A Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is an infection that can affect any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. UTIs are more common in women but can affect anyone. They occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract and multiply, leading to symptoms and inflammation.

Acute appendicitis is a medical condition where the appendix, a small tube-shaped pouch attached to the large intestine, becomes inflamed and infected. It is a common emergency condition that often requires surgical intervention.

An Anal Fissure is a common condition affecting the anal region. It often causes pain during and after bowel movements and can lead to other symptoms. Although it can affect anyone, it is more common in infants and adults between 20 and 40 years old.

Gallstones are formed when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, become concentrated and crystallize. The stones can vary in size from a grain of sand to a golf ball. Gallstones may block the bile ducts, leading to pain and potential complications.

A Groin Hernia refers to a type of hernia in the lower abdominal region, typically around the groin. Hernias occur when an organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot or tear in the muscle or connective tissue. In the groin area, the most common types of hernias are inguinal hernias and femoral hernias. Inguinal Hernia are most common in men and occurs when the intestine or fat pushes through the inguinal canal, a passage in the lower abdominal wall. It can be direct (develops later in life due to weakness in the abdominal wall) or indirect (congenital, usually appearing at birth or in early childhood). Femoral Hernia are more common in women and occurs when the tissue pushes through a weak spot near the femoral artery, located slightly lower in the groin than inguinal hernias.

Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are swollen veins located around the anus or in the lower rectum. They can cause discomfort, itching, pain, and bleeding, particularly during bowel movements. There are two main types of hemorrhoids: Internal hemorrhoids: Located inside the rectum and usually painless but may cause bleeding and External hemorrhoids: Located under the skin around the anus and can be more painful, especially if they become thrombosed (develop blood clots).

A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue protrudes through a weak spot or opening in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue. Hernias can occur in various parts of the body, with the most common types being inguinal (groin), umbilical (navel), and hiatal (upper stomach). While many hernias are not immediately life-threatening, they can lead to complications if left untreated.

A hydrocele is a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the sac surrounding a testicle, leading to swelling in the scrotum. It is generally painless and can occur in newborns or adult men. Hydroceles can be classified as either congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developing later in life).

Testicular torsion is a medical emergency that occurs when the spermatic cord, which supplies blood to the testicle, becomes twisted. This twisting cuts off the blood supply to the testicle, leading to potential tissue damage or loss if not treated promptly. It most commonly affects males between the ages of 12 and 18 but can occur at any age.

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) refers to any irregularities in menstrual bleeding patterns, including changes in frequency, duration, or volume of menstrual flow. It can affect women of all ages and is often related to hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, or other underlying medical conditions.

Antepartum hemorrhage refers to any vaginal bleeding occurring after the 20th week of pregnancy and before delivery. It can be a serious condition that may threaten the health of both the mother and the fetus. The causes of antepartum hemorrhage vary, and prompt evaluation and management are essential to ensure safety for both mother and baby.

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. This condition poses significant health risks, as the growing tissue can cause the tube to rupture, leading to severe internal bleeding and other complications. Ectopic pregnancies require prompt medical attention.

Endometriosis is a chronic medical condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. This tissue can develop on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the outer surface of the uterus, and other organs in the pelvis. It can lead to pain, irregular bleeding, and potential fertility issues. The exact cause of endometriosis remains unclear, but it is a common condition affecting about 10% of women of reproductive age.

A fibroid uterus, or uterine leiomyoma, is a benign tumor composed of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue that develops in the uterus. Fibroids can vary in size and number, and while they are often asymptomatic, they can cause various health issues in some women.

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse (or six months for women over 35). It affects both men and women and can stem from various medical, lifestyle, and environmental factors.

Mal presentations refer to abnormal positions of the fetus during labor and delivery that can complicate the birthing process. The most common mal presentations include breech presentation (buttocks or feet first), transverse lie (sideways), and oblique presentation (diagonal). These positions can affect the delivery method and pose risks to both the mother and the baby.

Polycystic Ovary Disorder (PCOD), often referred to as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), is a common hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by a combination of symptoms related to hormonal imbalances and metabolism. Women with PCOS may have irregular menstrual cycles, elevated levels of male hormones (androgens), and polycystic ovaries (enlarged ovaries with multiple small cysts).

Twin pregnancy occurs when a woman carries two fetuses simultaneously. It can happen with identical twins (monozygotic), formed from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, or fraternal twins (dizygotic), resulting from two separate eggs fertilized by two sperm. Twin pregnancies can lead to increased risks and complications for both the mother and the babies.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal disease primarily affecting premature infants, leading to inflammation and bacterial invasion of the intestines, which can result in tissue death.

Neonatal jaundice is a common condition in newborns characterized by the yellowing of the skin and eyes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood cells. While jaundice often resolves without treatment, it can indicate underlying health issues in some cases.

Back pain refers to discomfort or pain experienced in the back, which can be localized to a specific area or affect the entire back. It can be acute (lasting less than 6 weeks), subacute (6 weeks to 3 months), or chronic (lasting more than 3 months). The pain may be due to various factors, ranging from muscle strain to more serious conditions like herniated discs or spinal stenosis.

Knee ligament injuries are common, especially among athletes and active individuals. The knee is stabilized by four main ligaments: the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Each of these ligaments plays a crucial role in maintaining knee stability and function. Injuries to these ligaments can range from mild sprains to complete tears.

Low back pain is a common condition that affects a significant portion of the population at some point in their lives. It can range from mild, intermittent discomfort to severe, debilitating pain. The lower back (lumbar region) is particularly vulnerable to stress and injury due to its role in supporting the upper body and enabling movement.

Neck pain is a common issue that affects many people at some point in their lives. It can range from a mild discomfort to severe pain and can sometimes interfere with daily activities. The pain may arise from issues with the muscles, nerves, bones, or joints in the neck.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, the smooth tissue that cushions the ends of bones in the joints. As cartilage deteriorates, bones begin to rub against each other, leading to pain, swelling, and reduced joint mobility. OA is the most common form of arthritis and can affect any joint, but it most commonly impacts the knees, hips, hands, and spine.

Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by decreased bone density and increased fragility, making bones more susceptible to fractures and breaks. It often progresses silently over time, with individuals frequently unaware of their condition until a fracture occurs. Osteoporosis can affect people of all ages but is particularly common in older adults, especially postmenopausal women.

Shoulder pain is a common complaint that can arise from a variety of conditions affecting the shoulder joint and surrounding structures. The shoulder is a complex and highly mobile joint composed of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments, making it susceptible to injuries, strains, and degenerative changes. Shoulder pain can affect daily activities and overall quality of life.

Tennis Elbow (Lateral Epicondylitis) is an overuse injury affecting the elbow. It involves inflammation of the tendons that attach to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (the outer part of the elbow). Despite its name, tennis elbow is not limited to tennis players; it can affect anyone who performs repetitive arm and wrist motions.

A brain clot, also known as a cerebral thrombosis or intracranial blood clot, occurs when a blood clot forms in a blood vessel supplying the brain, leading to restricted or blocked blood flow.

Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, severe headaches that often come with other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light or sound. Migraines can be debilitating and significantly impact daily functioning. They often occur in phases, including prodrome, aura, headache, and postdrome.

Vertigo is a type of dizziness characterized by the sensation that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving. It is often related to disturbances in the inner ear or brain and can be accompanied by balance disorders. Balance disorders encompass a range of conditions that affect your ability to maintain equilibrium, leading to unsteadiness or difficulty with spatial orientation.

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARIs) encompass a range of infections affecting the respiratory tract, including the upper respiratory tract (such as the nose and throat) and the lower respiratory tract (such as the bronchi and lungs). ARIs are common and can be caused by various pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. They can range from mild, self-limiting conditions like the common cold to more severe infections such as pneumonia or bronchitis.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing. It can vary in severity and often leads to episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. Asthma can be managed effectively with appropriate treatment and lifestyle adjustments, but it is a long-term condition that requires ongoing management.

Bronchiectasis is a chronic and progressive lung condition characterized by the abnormal and permanent widening of the bronchi—the airways in the lungs.

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which are the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, and fatigue. There are two main types of bronchitis. (1) Acute Bronchitis: Often develops from a cold or respiratory infection and typically lasts a few days to a few weeks. Most cases are caused by viral infections and do not require antibiotics, as antibiotics don’t treat viruses. (2) Chronic Bronchitis: A long-term condition often seen in people who smoke. It’s a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is characterized by frequent episodes of cough and mucus production for at least three months, usually worsening over time.

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which are the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, and fatigue. There are two main types of bronchitis.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. It typically includes conditions such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis

A lung abscess is a localized collection of pus within the lung tissue, often resulting from infection. Understanding its symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatments can help manage this condition effectively.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a common and serious sleep disorder characterized by repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep due to the collapse or blockage of the upper airway. These interruptions can last for a few seconds to minutes and can occur hundreds of times throughout the night, leading to fragmented sleep and decreased oxygen levels in the blood.

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs (alveoli) in one or both lungs. These air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing symptoms like cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Pneumonia can be caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It can range from mild to life-threatening, particularly in vulnerable populations such as the elderly, infants, and individuals with chronic health conditions.

Sleep Disorders are conditions that impair the ability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or achieve restful sleep. They can affect sleep quality, duration, and timing, leading to various physical and mental health issues. These disorders can significantly impact overall health, functioning, and well-being.

Upper airway allergic diseases are conditions that affect the nose, throat, and sinuses, triggered by allergens such as pollen, dust mites, mold, or pet dander. Common conditions include allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and allergic sinusitis. These diseases occur when the immune system overreacts to allergens, causing inflammation and irritation in the upper respiratory tract.

Acute kidney disease, also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is a rapid decline in kidney function over a short period, typically within hours to days. This condition can lead to the accumulation of waste products and imbalances in electrolytes and fluids. Acute kidney injury can be caused by a variety of factors, ranging from infections to medications, and it requires prompt diagnosis and management to prevent serious complications.

Acute renal failure, also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is a sudden and often reversible decline in kidney function. It can occur within hours or days and is characterized by an increase in serum creatinine levels and a decrease in urine output. AKI can be life-threatening and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time. The kidneys, which are essential for filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, become less effective in CKD. This can lead to a buildup of waste and fluid in the body, which can cause a range of health issues. CKD is typically categorized into five stages, with Stage 1 being the mildest and Stage 5 being end-stage kidney failure, also known as End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).

Glomerulonephritis is a group of kidney disorders characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, which are the tiny filtering units in the kidneys. This inflammation impairs the kidneys' ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood effectively, leading to various health issues. Glomerulonephritis can be acute (developing suddenly) or chronic (progressing slowly over time).

Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys.

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by a group of symptoms resulting from damage to the glomeruli, which are the filtering units of the kidneys. This condition leads to significant protein loss in the urine, low levels of protein in the blood, high cholesterol levels, and swelling (edema) throughout the body. It can be caused by various underlying conditions and requires timely management to prevent complications.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in older men where the prostate gland becomes enlarged, leading to urinary symptoms. Unlike prostate cancer, BPH is non-cancerous and involves the proliferation of prostate tissue, which can obstruct the flow of urine.

Bladder cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the bladder, which stores urine. It is one of the most common types of urinary tract cancers and can be classified into various types, with transitional cell carcinoma being the most prevalent.

Kidney and ureteral stones, medically referred to as urolithiasis or nephrolithiasis, are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. When these stones move into the ureter—the narrow tube connecting the kidney to the bladder—they become ureteral stones.

Prostatitis is the inflammation of the prostate gland, a walnut-sized organ situated below the bladder in males that produces seminal fluid.

Chronic Liver Disease (CLD) refers to a progressive deterioration of liver function over a period of six months or longer.

Coeliac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten (a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye) leads to damage in the small intestine. It affects the digestive system and can cause a variety of symptoms and long-term complications if untreated.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic condition characterized by persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic and progressive condition characterized by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue, which hampers the liver’s ability to function properly.

A peptic ulcer is an open sore or lesion that forms on the inner lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum).

Angina is a type of chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood. It’s often a symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD) and can be a warning sign of a potential heart attack.

Arrhythmia is a condition in which the heart beats irregularly, either too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or with an erratic rhythm. This can affect how well the heart pumps blood to the body, potentially leading to serious health issues.

Cardiomyopathy refers to a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. It can lead to heart failure and other serious complications. There are several types of cardiomyopathy, including dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

Chest pain is a common symptom that can arise from a variety of conditions, ranging from benign to life-threatening. It can be a sign of a problem in the heart, lungs, digestive system, or other structures in the chest. Accurate diagnosis is crucial, as chest pain can indicate serious conditions such as heart disease or pulmonary embolism.

Rheumatic Heart Disease is a chronic condition caused by rheumatic fever, which damages the heart valves. It primarily affects children and young adults, especially in regions with limited access to healthcare.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, usually in the legs. DVT can lead to serious complications, including pulmonary embolism (PE), where the clot dislodges and travels to the lungs. It is a significant health concern, especially in individuals with certain risk factors.

Brain Hemorrhage, also known as intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), refers to bleeding within the brain. This condition can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. Hemorrhages can occur in various parts of the brain and are classified based on their location, such as intracerebral hemorrhage (bleeding within the brain tissue itself), subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding between the brain and the surrounding membrane), and subdural or epidural hematomas (bleeding between the brain and the skull). Brain hemorrhage can lead to significant neurological deficits and complications.

A brain tumor is a mass or growth of abnormal cells in the brain or central spinal canal. Brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and may originate in the brain or spread from other parts of the body. They can affect brain function by exerting pressure on surrounding tissues, disrupting normal brain function, or by causing other complications. The treatment and management of brain tumors depend on their type, location, size, and grade.

Head injury refers to trauma to the skull or brain, which can result from various causes such as accidents, falls, or physical assaults. Head injuries can range from mild, such as a concussion, to severe, such as a traumatic brain injury (TBI) that may result in significant neurological impairment. Prompt diagnosis and management are crucial for minimizing damage and improving outcomes.

A spinal fracture refers to a break in the vertebrae, the bones that make up the spine. These fractures can result from trauma, such as an accident or fall, or from conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis. The treatment and prognosis depend on the fracture's location, type, and severity.

A Spinal Tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within or around the spinal cord or spinal column. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and are classified based on their location relative to the spinal cord and vertebrae. These tumors can originate in the spine (primary) or spread from other areas of the body (secondary or metastatic).

Achalasia is a condition that affects the esophagus, specifically the muscle at the lower end of the esophagus (LES), which fails to open properly to allow food and liquids to pass into the stomach. This results in a buildup of food and fluid in the esophagus, causing discomfort and other symptoms. Achalasia typically progresses slowly and can lead to significant discomfort and complications if untreated.

Colon Cancer, or colorectal cancer, is a type of cancer that begins in the colon or rectum, part of the digestive system. This cancer often starts as small, noncancerous (benign) clusters of cells called polyps that form on the inner lining of the colon. Over time, some of these polyps can develop into cancer.

Gastroduodenal Perforation is a serious medical condition where there is a hole or rupture in the wall of the stomach (gastric perforation) or the duodenum (duodenal perforation), which is the first part of the small intestine just beyond the stomach. This perforation allows digestive juices and food to leak into the abdominal cavity, leading to severe inflammation and infection, known as peritonitis.

A Hiatal Hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. The diaphragm, a muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest, has a small opening (hiatus) through which the esophagus passes. In a hiatal hernia, the stomach can bulge through this opening, leading to potential symptoms like acid reflux or heartburn. There are two main types of hiatal hernias. Sliding hiatal hernia: This is the more common type, where the stomach and a portion of the esophagus slide up into the chest. It often leads to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms and Paraesophageal hernia: This type is less common but more concerning. The stomach pushes up next to the esophagus and can lead to a "strangulated" hernia, which cuts off blood flow and may require emergency treatment.

Pancreatic Cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the pancreas, a gland located behind the stomach that plays a crucial role in digestion and blood sugar regulation. The most common type is Adenocarcinoma, making up about 95% of cases. Others include Neuroendocrine tumors: These are rarer and arise from hormone-producing cells in the pancreas.

Rectal Prolapse occurs when the rectum, which is the last part of the large intestine, slips out of its normal position and protrudes through the anus. This condition can vary in severity, ranging from a small amount of rectal tissue showing through the anus to a more significant portion of the rectum being visible outside the body.

Cleft Lip is a condition where there is an opening or gap in the upper lip that can extend into the nose. It occurs when the tissue that forms the lip doesn’t fully come together during fetal development. Cleft Palate is a condition where there is an opening or gap in the roof of the mouth (palate) that can extend into the nasal cavity. It occurs when the tissue that forms the roof of the mouth doesn’t fully fuse during fetal development. Both conditions can occur together, and their severity can range from a small notch in the lip to a large gap that extends through the gums and palate.

Jaw fractures are breaks in the jawbone, commonly affecting the mandible (lower jaw) or the maxilla (upper jaw). They can result from trauma, such as falls, sports injuries, or accidents, and can lead to significant functional and aesthetic issues if not properly treated.

Anorectal malformation (ARM) is a congenital defect in which the anus and rectum do not develop properly. This condition can vary significantly in severity, from minor anomalies to complex forms where the rectum may not connect to the colon at all. ARM is typically diagnosed in infancy and often requires surgical intervention.

Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF) is a congenital condition where an abnormal connection (fistula) forms between the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus (food pipe). This condition can lead to severe respiratory and feeding issues.

An undescended testicle, also known as cryptorchidism, is a condition where one or both testicles fail to move down into the scrotum before birth.

Multi-organ failure (MOF) occurs when multiple organ systems in the body simultaneously experience failure or dysfunction. It is a critical condition often resulting from severe illness, injury, or an overwhelming inflammatory response, and it can lead to significant morbidity and mortality.

Poisoning can result from ingestion, inhalation, injection, or skin contact with harmful substances. These substances might include chemicals, medications, plants, or animal venoms. The severity of poisoning depends on the type of poison, the amount, the route of exposure, and the individual's health status.

Polytrauma refers to a condition where a person experiences multiple traumatic injuries, often life-threatening, involving several organ systems. These injuries typically occur due to high-energy impacts such as car accidents, falls, or blast injuries. The complexity of polytrauma requires a multidisciplinary approach for treatment and rehabilitation.

Respiratory failure is a serious medical condition in which the respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange, leading to insufficient oxygen supply (hypoxemia) or excessive carbon dioxide retention (hypercapnia). It can be classified as acute or chronic and may result from various underlying conditions affecting the lungs or respiratory muscles.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition triggered by the body's response to an infection. It occurs when the immune system goes into overdrive, leading to widespread inflammation, tissue damage, and organ failure. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.

Shock is a critical medical condition where the body experiences inadequate blood flow to its tissues and organs, resulting in insufficient oxygen and nutrients. This lack of adequate perfusion can lead to cellular damage, organ dysfunction, and potentially life-threatening consequences. Shock requires immediate medical intervention and can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions.

Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or cavities, is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages. It is a progressive, multifactorial disease caused by the interaction of bacteria, sugars, and acids on the tooth surface.

Impacted wisdom teeth occur when the third molars do not have enough space to emerge or develop properly in the mouth. This can lead to various dental issues and discomfort. Wisdom teeth typically emerge in late adolescence or early adulthood.

Periodontitis is a severe gum infection that damages the soft tissue and can destroy the bone that supports your teeth. It’s a common but serious oral health condition, often a progression from untreated gingivitis (gum inflammation). Left untreated, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and increase the risk of systemic health issues like heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory conditions.

Emporomandibular Joint (TMJ) disorders refer to a group of conditions affecting the jaw joint and the surrounding muscles that control jaw movement. These disorders can lead to pain, discomfort, and dysfunction in the jaw, face, and neck. TMJ disorders can result from various factors, including injury, arthritis, or jaw alignment issues.

A tooth abscess is a localized infection that forms at the root of a tooth or in the surrounding gum tissue.

A tooth fracture refers to a break or crack in a tooth, which can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, biting down on hard objects, or decay. Fractures can affect any part of the tooth, including the enamel, dentin, and pulp. Severity can vary, with some fractures being minor and others requiring significant dental intervention.

Adenoid disease refers to conditions affecting the adenoids, which are lymphoid tissues located at the back of the nasal cavity. These tissues are part of the immune system and help defend the body against infections, especially in children. Adenoid disease often involves inflammation or enlargement of the adenoids, leading to various symptoms and potential complications.

Chronic Otitis Externa (COE), also known as swimmer's ear, is a long-term inflammation or infection of the outer ear canal. It differs from acute otitis externa, which is usually a short-term condition. COE can be persistent and recurrent, affecting one or both ears.

Chronic otitis media is a persistent infection or inflammation of the middle ear and the surrounding structures that lasts for at least six weeks. Unlike acute otitis media, which is a short-term infection, chronic otitis media often involves prolonged inflammation and can lead to damage to the structures of the middle ear. It can be associated with fluid accumulation behind the eardrum, leading to hearing loss and other complications.

Ear Deformities refer to structural abnormalities in the outer or middle ear that are present at birth (congenital) or develop due to trauma, infection, or certain medical conditions. These deformities can vary significantly in appearance, severity, and impact on hearing and overall ear function. Nose deformities are structural abnormalities of the nose that can result from congenital (present from birth) factors, trauma, disease, or other conditions.

Gingivitis is a common and mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, and swelling (inflammation) of the gingiva, the part of your gum around the base of your teeth. It is usually caused by poor oral hygiene that encourages plaque-a sticky film of bacteria-to form on teeth, leading to inflammation of the surrounding gum tissue.

A heart attack, or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked for a long enough time that part of the heart muscle is damaged or dies. This blockage is often caused by a buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis) in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. A heart attack is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment to minimize damage to the heart and improve outcomes.

Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) is a condition in which stomach acid or other digestive fluids flow backward into the throat (pharynx) and voice box (larynx). This reflux can irritate and inflame the tissues in these areas, leading to a variety of symptoms. Unlike Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), which primarily affects the esophagus, LPR tends to affect the upper airway and throat.

Nasal framework abnormalities refer to structural issues affecting the nasal cavity and surrounding areas. These abnormalities can affect the shape, function, and appearance of the nose and can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired due to injury or disease. Common types of nasal framework abnormalities include nasal septum deviation, nasal valve collapse, and congenital malformations.

Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the ears or head without an external sound source. It is often described as ringing, buzzing, hissing, or humming. Tinnitus is a symptom rather than a condition itself and can vary in intensity from a minor annoyance to a debilitating condition that affects daily life. It can be temporary or chronic and may affect one or both ears.

Tonsillar disease encompasses various conditions affecting the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissues located at the back of the throat..

Voice and speech disorders encompass a range of conditions that affect the ability to produce or articulate speech and the quality of the voice. These disorders can impact communication, which is crucial for personal and professional interactions. They may arise from a variety of underlying causes, including physical, neurological, psychological, or developmental factors.

Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelid margins, often involving the eyelashes and the glands that produce oils in the eyelids. It is a common condition that can cause discomfort and irritation. Blepharitis can affect one or both eyelids and is usually a chronic condition, though it can often be managed effectively with proper care.

A Cataract occurs when the normally clear lens of the eye becomes cloudy or opaque, which obstructs light from passing through to the retina. This can lead to blurred or dim vision. Cataracts are primarily age-related but can also occur due to other factors such as trauma or certain medical conditions.

Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS), also known as digital eye strain, refers to a collection of eye and vision-related problems resulting from prolonged use of digital screens such as computers, tablets, and smartphones. It is increasingly common due to the widespread use of digital devices in daily life and work.

Diabetic Retinopathy is a serious eye condition caused by damage to the blood vessels of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It is a common complication of diabetes and can lead to vision impairment and blindness if not managed properly. The condition progresses through various stages, from mild nonproliferative retinopathy to severe proliferative retinopathy.

Dry eyes, also known as dry eye syndrome or xerophthalmia, occur when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly. This condition can lead to inflammation and damage to the eye's surface. Dry eyes can affect comfort and vision and may be caused by a variety of factors.

Eye Floaters are typically caused by changes in the vitreous, the gel-like substance that fills the eye. As we age, the vitreous can become more liquid and shrink, causing tiny fibers to clump together and cast shadows on the retina. Floaters are common and usually harmless but can be bothersome.

Eyestrain, also known as asthenopia, occurs when the eyes become fatigued from prolonged use or stress. It is commonly associated with activities that require intense focus, such as reading, computer work, or other screen use. Eyestrain is not usually a serious condition but can cause discomfort and affect quality of life.

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, often due to high pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure). This damage can lead to vision loss and, if untreated, blindness. It’s a leading cause of blindness worldwide, but early detection and treatment can help manage the condition. There are different types of Glaucoma. Open-Angle Glaucoma: The most common type, often developing slowly with few symptoms until significant vision loss occurs. It is caused by gradual clogging of the eye's drainage channels, leading to increased eye pressure; Angle-Closure Glaucoma: This type occurs when the iris is too close to the drainage angle, which can block fluid drainage and cause a rapid increase in eye pressure, leading to severe pain and vision changes; Normal-Tension Glaucoma - In this form, optic nerve damage occurs despite normal eye pressure. The exact cause is unknown, though it may be related to poor blood flow to the optic nerve and Secondary Glaucoma - This can result from other conditions or eye injuries that raise eye pressure, such as inflammation, cataracts, or diabetes.

Pink eye, or conjunctivitis, is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye (sclera). It is characterized by redness and swelling of the conjunctiva and can be caused by infections, allergies, or irritants. Pink eye is highly contagious, especially when caused by infections, and can affect one or both eyes.

Presbycusis is age-related hearing loss that gradually occurs as people get older. It typically affects both ears and is characterized by a progressive decline in hearing ability. This condition primarily involves the loss of high-frequency sounds and can impact the ability to understand speech, especially in noisy environments. Presbycusis is one of the most common types of hearing loss in older adults.

Presbyopia results from the gradual loss of elasticity in the eye’s lens, which impairs the eye’s ability to change focus between near and distant objects. Unlike other vision conditions, presbyopia is a natural and unavoidable part of aging rather than a disease.

Wet Macular Degeneration is less common than the dry form of AMD but is more severe and can lead to rapid vision loss. It typically occurs in individuals over the age of 50 and can significantly impact daily activities, such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces.

Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It causes pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and in more severe cases, cysts or nodules. Acne is most prevalent during adolescence but can occur at any age.

Alopecia refers to hair loss that can occur on the scalp or other parts of the body. It can affect people of all ages, genders, and ethnicities, and its severity can vary. Alopecia may be temporary or permanent, depending on the cause and type.

Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. It commonly begins in childhood but can occur at any age. The condition is associated with other atopic diseases, such as asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic skin condition characterized by itchy, blistering rashes that typically occur symmetrically on the elbows, knees, buttocks, and scalp. It is an autoimmune disorder associated with gluten sensitivity and is considered a skin manifestation of celiac disease. The condition results from the deposition of IgA antibodies in the skin.

Freckles are small, flat, tan, or light brown spots that commonly appear on sun-exposed skin. They result from an increase in melanin production due to sun exposure, but they are usually harmless.

Lichen planus is an inflammatory skin condition that can also affect mucous membranes, hair, and nails. It appears as flat, purplish, itchy lesions and can be acute or chronic. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to involve an autoimmune response where the body’s immune system attacks its own skin cells.

Melasma is a common skin condition characterized by brown or grayish-brown patches, usually on the face. It mainly affects the cheeks, forehead, nose, and upper lip but can also appear on other sun-exposed areas. Although it’s more common in women, especially those with darker skin, it can affect anyone.

Pediculosis refers to an infestation by lice, which are small, wingless insects that feed on human blood. The most common types affecting humans are head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis), body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis), and pubic lice (Pthirus pubis). These infestations can occur in people of all ages but are most commonly seen in children.

Pityriasis rosea is a common, self-limiting skin condition characterized by the appearance of a distinctive rash. It often starts with a single "herald patch" before spreading to other areas of the body. The condition typically lasts several weeks to months and is thought to be viral in nature, though the exact cause is unknown.

Psoriasis vulgaris is the most common form of psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by the rapid growth of skin cells. This leads to thick, red patches covered with silvery scales. The condition can vary in severity and often cycles through periods of flare-ups and remission.

Scabies is a highly contagious skin infestation caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. The mites burrow into the skin, causing intense itching and a characteristic rash. Scabies is spread through close physical contact and is common in crowded living conditions. It can affect people of all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds.

Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues. It can also affect internal organs, leading to various systemic complications. The condition is classified into two main types: localized scleroderma (primarily affects the skin) and systemic scleroderma (affects the skin and other organs).

Urticaria, commonly known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by raised, itchy welts or rashes. These welts can vary in size and may appear and disappear quickly. Urticaria can be acute (lasting less than six weeks) or chronic (lasting more than six weeks). It results from an allergic reaction or other triggers causing the release of histamine in the skin.

Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by the loss of pigment cells, leading to white patches on the skin. It can affect any part of the body and is caused by the destruction of melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation.

Warts are benign growths on the skin caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. They can appear on various parts of the body, including the hands, feet, face, and genital areas. Warts are generally harmless but can be bothersome due to their appearance or location.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the rapid proliferation of abnormal myeloid cells, which are immature white blood cells. These abnormal cells interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a range of symptoms and complications. AML is considered an acute leukemia because it progresses quickly and requires prompt treatment.

Facio-maxillary injury refers to trauma affecting the face and upper jaw, including the bones of the face (maxilla, mandible, zygoma, nasal bones) and the associated soft tissues. These injuries can result from accidents, falls, assaults, or sports injuries and can range from minor fractures to complex, multi-faceted injuries involving the face, eyes, nose, and teeth. Such injuries can significantly impact both function and appearance and often require multidisciplinary management for optimal recovery.

Jaw tumors and cysts are abnormal growths that can occur in the jawbone or surrounding tissues.

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the lungs. It is one of the most common and serious types of cancer, often presenting with symptoms in advanced stages. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes.

Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer, refers to cancer that develops in the tissues of the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, inner lining of the cheeks, roof and floor of the mouth, and the tonsils. It can occur as a single tumor or multiple lesions and is classified under head and neck cancers.

Oral cancer is a significant health concern that often starts as a small sore or lesion in the mouth that does not heal. The cancer can develop in various parts of the oral cavity and may spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes. It is part of a broader category of cancers known as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is the most common form.

Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by significant mood swings, including emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These mood episodes can affect sleep, energy levels, behavior, and the ability to think clearly. Bipolar disorder is also known as manic-depressive illness and is typically diagnosed in late adolescence or early adulthood. It requires ongoing management to help stabilize mood and improve functioning.

Depression, also known as major depressive disorder (MDD), is a common and serious mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities. It affects a person’s ability to function in daily life and can have a profound impact on emotional, physical, and social well-being. Depression can occur at any age and may vary in severity.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental health condition characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to alleviate the distress caused by the obsessions. OCD can significantly interfere with daily functioning and quality of life. It affects both adults and children and often begins in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood.

Organic Mental Disorders refer to a group of mental health conditions caused by identifiable physical or physiological changes in the brain. These changes can result from brain injury, neurological diseases, or other physiological disruptions. Organic mental disorders are characterized by significant cognitive impairment and alterations in mental functioning due to identifiable physiological changes in the brain. Unlike primary mental disorders, which might be due to psychological or environmental factors, organic mental disorders have a clear biological basis.

Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder characterized by distorted thinking, perceptions, emotions, language, sense of self, and behavior. It affects how a person thinks, feels, and acts, leading to difficulties in distinguishing between reality and delusions or hallucinations. Schizophrenia is typically diagnosed in late adolescence to early adulthood and requires long-term management.

Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory infection that primarily affects infants and young children, usually caused by viral infections. It involves inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing and wheezing. The condition typically peaks in the fall and winter months.

Febrile Seizures are seizures that occur in children, usually between the ages of 6 months and 5 years, in response to a fever. They are typically generalized tonic-clonic seizures, meaning they involve a loss of consciousness and muscle contractions. These seizures are often brief, lasting less than 15 minutes, and are usually followed by a period of drowsiness or confusion.

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a condition where the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone (GH), which is crucial for growth, metabolism, and overall health. It can occur in childhood or adulthood and can lead to various physical and metabolic issues.

Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders that affect the body’s ability to produce hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. It results in the production of abnormal hemoglobin, leading to anemia (low red blood cell levels) and other health complications.