How is it Diagnosed?
Jaw fractures, particularly of the mandible or maxilla, are commonly caused by trauma
from accidents, sports injuries, or violence. Diagnosis begins with a thorough clinical
evaluation. The patient may present with facial swelling, bruising, pain, difficulty in
opening or closing the mouth, malocclusion (improper bite), and numbness due to nerve
involvement.
Physical examination includes assessing jaw alignment, mobility, and palpation for stepoffs or crepitus. Intraoral examination checks for bleeding, lacerations, or tooth mobility.
Imaging is crucial for confirmation. A panoramic X-ray (orthopantomogram) is a common
initial tool to visualize the mandible. However, computed tomography (CT) scans are the
gold standard for complex fractures or midface injuries, providing detailed 3D
visualization of bone involvement.
In some cases, cone-beam CT (CBCT) may be used, especially in dental settings, to
assess smaller or localized fractures. If the fracture involves the condyle or
temporomandibular joint, additional TMJ-specific views may be needed. Associated
injuries such as dental fractures or airway compromise should also be evaluated.
Treatment decisions are guided by imaging findings, location of the fracture (e.g., angle,
symphysis, condyle), displacement, and patient symptoms. The goal of diagnosis is not
only to confirm the fracture but also to assess complications, such as infection, nerve
damage, or airway obstruction, ensuring timely and appropriate surgical or non-surgical
intervention.