Anaemia

Overview

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Anaemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin, leading to a reduced capacity of the blood to carry oxygen to tissues and organs. This can result from various underlying causes and may range from mild to severe.

Caring Treatment for Anemia at TRSCH

Feeling tired, weak, or low on energy? It could be due to anemia. At TRSCH, our friendly and experienced Internal Medicine doctors are here to help. We carefully check the cause of your anemia and guide you with the right treatment—whether it’s through diet advice, medicines, or advanced care. Our goal is to help you feel stronger, healthier, and full of energy again. Visit our Internal Medicine department and let us take care of you.

Symptoms
  • Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak.
  • Paleness: Pale skin or mucous membranes.
  • Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing or feeling short of breath, especially with exertion.
  • Dizziness or Lightheadedness: Feeling faint or dizzy, particularly when standing up quickly.
  • Headaches: Frequent or unexplained headaches.
  • Cold Hands and Feet: Feeling unusually cold in the extremities.
  • Chest Pain: In severe cases, chest pain may occur due to increased strain on the heart.
  • Brittle Nails: Nails may become thin or brittle.
  • Restless Legs Syndrome: An uncomfortable sensation in the legs, particularly at night.
Complications
  • Severe Fatigue: Significant reduction in quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.
  • Heart Problems: Increased risk of heart failure or worsening of existing heart conditions due to the heart working harder to pump blood.
  • Delayed Development: In children, anemia can affect growth and development.
  • Complications in Pregnancy: Increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and complications for both mother and baby.
Causes

Nutritional Deficiencies:

  • Iron Deficiency: Due to inadequate dietary intake, poor absorption, or increased needs.
  • Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Often due to dietary insufficiency or absorption issues (e.g., pernicious anemia).
  • Folate Deficiency: Due to inadequate intake or absorption issues.

Chronic Diseases:

  • Chronic Kidney Disease: Impaired production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates RBC production.
  • Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease.

Bone Marrow Disorders:

  • Aplastic Anemia: Bone marrow fails to produce adequate blood cells.
  • Leukemia: Cancer of the blood-forming tissues affecting RBC production.

Blood Loss:

  • Acute: Due to trauma or surgery.
  • Chronic: Due to gastrointestinal bleeding, heavy menstrual periods, or other sources.

Hemolytic Anemia:

  • Autoimmune Disorders: The body’s immune system attacks its own RBCs.
  • Genetic Disorders: Such as sickle cell disease or thalassemia.
Prevention

Healthy Diet:

  • Iron-Rich Foods: Include lean meats, beans, lentils, and fortified cereals.
  • Vitamin B12 Sources: Include dairy products, eggs, and fortified foods.
  • Folate-Rich Foods: Include leafy greens, fruits, and legumes.

Regular Health Check-ups:

  • Screening: Regular blood tests to detect anemia early, especially for those at higher risk.

Manage Chronic Conditions:

  • Disease Management: Proper management of chronic diseases that can lead to anemia.

Safe Medication Use:

  • Avoid Overuse of Medications: That may cause gastrointestinal bleeding or affect nutrient absorption.
Risk Factors
  • Age: Very young children and elderly individuals are at higher risk.
  • Gender: Women of childbearing age, especially those with heavy menstrual periods or pregnancy.
  • Diet: Poor dietary intake of iron, vitamin B12, or folate.
  • Chronic Health Conditions: Such as chronic kidney disease or cancer.
  • Family History: Genetic disorders like sickle cell disease or thalassemia.
  • Alcohol Use: Excessive alcohol can impair nutrient absorption and affect RBC production
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How is it Treated?

Iron Supplements

  • Oral Iron: For iron deficiency anemia, typically in the form of ferrous sulfate or other iron salts.
  • Intravenous Iron: For severe cases or when oral iron is not tolerated.

Vitamin and Mineral Supplements:

  • Vitamin B12: Oral supplements or injections for deficiencies.
  • Folate: Supplements for folate deficiency.

Treat Underlying Conditions:

  • Chronic Disease Management: Addressing the root cause of anemia, such as managing chronic kidney disease or inflammatory disorders.

Blood Transfusions:

  • For Severe Anemia: In cases where anemia is severe or due to acute blood loss.

Medications:

  • Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents: For anemia related to chronic kidney disease.
  • Immunosuppressive Drugs: For autoimmune-related anemia.

Bone Marrow Treatments:

  • Bone Marrow Transplant: For severe cases like aplastic anemia or certain cancers.

Lifestyle Changes:

  • Dietary Adjustments: Incorporate a balanced diet rich in necessary nutrients.
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How is it Diagnosed?

Anaemia is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory testing. Patients may present with fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness, or palpitations.

The primary test for diagnosis is the Complete Blood Count (CBC), which reveals reduced hemoglobin levels and red blood cell (RBC) counts. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) helps classify anaemia as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic, guiding the next steps in evaluation.

    Additional tests depend on the suspected cause:

  • Iron studies (serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC) help diagnose iron deficiency anaemia.
  • Vitamin B12 and folate levels are assessed in suspected megaloblastic anaemia.
  • Reticulocyte count helps evaluate bone marrow response.
  • Peripheral blood smear provides insights into RBC morphology and may show abnormal cells like schistocytes or target cells.
  • Liver and renal function tests, thyroid profile, and inflammatory markers may be ordered in chronic disease-related anaemia.
  • In cases of suspected haemolytic anaemia, tests like LDH, haptoglobin, bilirubin, and Coombs test are used.
  • If bone marrow pathology is suspected, a bone marrow biopsy may be performed.
  • Accurate diagnosis depends on identifying the underlying cause, as anaemia is often a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a disease itself.

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FAQs

Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.

Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, chronic diseases (like kidney disease), and bone marrow disorders.

Symptoms can include fatigue, weakness, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness, and cold hands and feet.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, including complete blood count (CBC), iron studies, and tests for vitamin deficiencies. A bone marrow biopsy may be performed in certain cases.

Treatment depends on the type and cause of anemia. It may involve dietary changes, supplements (like iron or vitamins), medications, or procedures like blood transfusions.

Some types of anemia, like iron deficiency, can be prevented through a balanced diet rich in iron and vitamins. Regular screening in at-risk populations can also help prevent anemia.

You should see a doctor if you experience symptoms of anemia or if you have a known risk factor, such as chronic illness, dietary deficiencies, or a family history of blood disorders.

Complications can include severe fatigue, heart problems, and complications related to underlying causes of anemia. In severe cases, it can be life-threatening.

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