How is it Diagnosed?
The diagnosis of a brain tumor begins with a detailed history and neurological
examination. Symptoms such as persistent headaches, nausea, vision changes, seizures,
cognitive decline, or focal neurological deficits prompt further investigation. The pattern
and progression of symptoms provide clues about tumor location and type.
Imaging studies are the cornerstone of diagnosis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
with contrast is the most sensitive and preferred imaging modality for identifying brain
tumors. It provides high-resolution images and helps differentiate between tumor types,
assess their size, location, vascularity, and potential spread. CT scans may be used in
emergencies or when MRI is contraindicated, particularly to detect calcifications or
bone involvement.
Advanced imaging techniques like MR spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and
perfusion MRI may offer additional information about tumor metabolism, cell density,
and blood flow. Functional MRI (fMRI) helps map critical brain areas before surgery.
A biopsy is often required for definitive diagnosis, particularly to determine the exact
histological type and grade of the tumor. This may be done via stereotactic needle
biopsy or during surgical resection.
Lumbar puncture may be performed if leptomeningeal spread is suspected, especially in
lymphoma or medulloblastoma. Additional tests such as genetic or molecular profiling
are increasingly used for prognosis and guiding targeted therapies. Blood tests may
reveal tumor markers in rare cases.
Accurate diagnosis ensures the appropriate treatment approach—surgical, radiation,
chemotherapy, or a combination—and helps predict outcomes.