How is it Diagnosed?
Polytrauma refers to multiple traumatic injuries occurring simultaneously, affecting more
than one body system and posing a life-threatening risk. Its diagnosis requires a
systematic and rapid approach, often initiated in emergency settings using the
Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocol.
The process begins with a primary survey assessing airway, breathing, circulation,
disability (neurological status), and exposure. Life-threatening injuries are addressed
immediately. A secondary survey follows to conduct a thorough head-to-toe physical
examination.
Imaging plays a central role. A trauma series X-ray (chest, pelvis, cervical spine) is
typically performed first. Whole-body computed tomography (CT) scanning, also called
“pan-scan,” is the gold standard for identifying internal injuries including head trauma,
chest and abdominal bleeding, pelvic fractures, and spinal injuries.
Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) is a bedside ultrasound used
to detect free fluid (usually blood) in the peritoneal or pericardial cavities.
Laboratory investigations include complete blood count, arterial blood gas analysis,
coagulation profile, liver and renal function tests, and crossmatch for possible
transfusion.
Neurological assessment using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) helps determine the
severity of head injury. In cases of suspected spinal injury, immobilization is maintained
until cleared by imaging.
Multidisciplinary coordination is essential, involving trauma surgeons, neurosurgeons,
orthopedicians, and critical care specialists. Early diagnosis and prioritization of injuries
are vital to optimize survival and recovery.