How is it Diagnosed?
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders encompass conditions affecting the joint,
muscles, and ligaments controlling jaw movement. Diagnosis begins with a detailed
clinical history focusing on symptoms like jaw pain, clicking sounds, restricted mouth
opening, earache, headache, and difficulty chewing.
Physical examination includes inspection and palpation of the TMJ and surrounding
muscles. The clinician evaluates jaw movement, checks for deviations on opening or
closing, and listens for joint sounds such as clicks or crepitus. Muscle tenderness,
especially of the masseter and temporalis, supports myofascial involvement.
Imaging is recommended when structural abnormalities or joint pathology are
suspected. Panoramic radiographs (orthopantomograms) provide a general view of the
jaw. For detailed joint assessment, MRI is preferred as it visualizes soft tissues, including
the articular disc and joint effusion. CT scans are better for evaluating bony changes
like condylar erosion or osteophytes in degenerative joint disease.
In some cases, diagnostic arthroscopy may be employed to visualize the intra-articular
space and confirm synovitis, adhesions, or disc displacement.
Additional tests such as electromyography (EMG) may be used in chronic or complex
muscular TMJ disorders. Psychological assessment may be necessary for patients with
chronic pain and suspected psychosocial factors.
A multidisciplinary evaluation—often involving dentists, maxillofacial surgeons, and
physiotherapists—is essential for an accurate diagnosis and tailored management plan.