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Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis)

Overview

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Pink eye, or conjunctivitis, is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye (sclera). It is characterized by redness and swelling of the conjunctiva and can be caused by infections, allergies, or irritants. Pink eye is highly contagious, especially when caused by infections, and can affect one or both eyes.

It is characterized by redness and swelling of the conjunctiva and can be caused by infections, allergies, or irritants. Pink eye is highly contagious, especially when caused by infections, and can affect one or both eyes.

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Symptoms
  • Redness: Noticeable redness or pinkness in the white part of the eye and the inner eyelid.
  • Itching: Itchy or irritated eyes.
  • Discharge: May be watery, mucous, or pus-like, depending on the cause. Discharge can cause crusting of the eyelids, especially in the morning.
  • Tearing: Increased tear production or watery eyes.
  • Swelling: Swelling of the conjunctiva and sometimes the surrounding tissues.
  • Sensitivity to Light: Discomfort or pain when exposed to bright lights.
  • Burning Sensation: A burning or gritty feeling in the eyes.
Complications
  • Corneal Infections: In severe cases, the infection can spread to the cornea, leading to more serious eye problems.
  • Chronic Conjunctivitis: Persistent or recurrent conjunctivitis that may need ongoing treatment.
  • Spread to Others: Highly contagious forms of conjunctivitis can spread easily, particularly in close environments like schools or workplaces.
  • Vision Problems: Rarely, untreated or severe conjunctivitis can affect vision or lead to complications that require medical attention.
Causes
  • Viral Infection: Often caused by adenoviruses; highly contagious and commonly associated with colds or respiratory infections.
  • Bacterial Infection: Caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus; characterized by thick, yellow-green discharge.
  • Allergies: Allergic conjunctivitis occurs in response to allergens like pollen, pet dander, or dust mites.
  • Irritants: Exposure to smoke, chlorine in swimming pools, or other chemicals can cause irritation.
  • Contact Lens Use: Poor hygiene or prolonged use of contact lenses can lead to conjunctivitis.
  • Foreign Objects: Presence of foreign bodies in the eye can cause irritation and inflammation.
Prevention
  • Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently and avoid touching or rubbing the eyes.
  • Avoid Sharing: Do not share personal items such as towels, pillows, or eye cosmetics.
  • Disinfect Surfaces: Regularly clean surfaces that come into contact with the eyes.
  • Avoid Contact with Infected Individuals: Stay away from people with contagious forms of conjunctivitis.
  • Proper Contact Lens Care: Follow hygiene practices and guidelines for cleaning and wearing contact lenses.
Risk Factors
  • Age: Children are more prone to viral conjunctivitis due to close contact in schools and daycare centers.
  • Allergies: Individuals with a history of allergies are at higher risk for allergic conjunctivitis.
  • Exposure to Irritants: People frequently exposed to smoke, dust, or chemicals.
  • Contact Lens Use: Increased risk due to potential for poor hygiene or prolonged use.
  • Close Contact Settings: Environments like schools or childcare facilities where infections can spread easily.
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How is it treated?

Viral Conjunctivitis:

  • Self-Care: Usually resolves on its own. Use cool compresses to relieve discomfort and keep the eyes clean.
  • Artificial Tears: Over-the-counter lubricating eye drops can help relieve dryness and irritation.
  • Avoid Contagion: Practice good hygiene to prevent spreading the virus.

Bacterial Conjunctivitis:

  • Antibiotic Eye Drops or Ointments: Prescribed by a healthcare provider to treat the infection.
  • Avoid Sharing: Avoid sharing personal items and maintain good hygiene to prevent spreading the infection.

Allergic Conjunctivitis:

  • Antihistamines: Oral or topical antihistamines can help reduce allergic reactions.
  • Avoid Allergens: Identifying and avoiding the allergens triggering the reaction.
  • Cold Compresses: Applying cold compresses can help reduce itching and swelling.

Irritant Conjunctivitis:

  • Rinsing the Eye: Use saline solution to flush out the irritant.
  • Avoid Further Exposure: Identify and avoid the irritant causing the symptoms.
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How is it Diagnosed?

Pink eye, or conjunctivitis, is diagnosed primarily through a clinical evaluation of symptoms and a physical examination of the eye. It involves inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent tissue covering the white part of the eye and the inner eyelids.

The diagnosis begins with a thorough patient history, including recent contact with individuals having red eyes, upper respiratory infections, allergen exposure, or use of new eye drops or cosmetics. The clinician examines for symptoms such as redness, itching, discharge, tearing, foreign body sensation, and eyelid swelling.

    There are three major types of conjunctivitis—viral, bacterial, and allergic—and diagnosis is often based on distinguishing features:

  • Viral conjunctivitis typically presents with watery discharge, irritation, and often spreads between eyes. Preauricular lymphadenopathy may be present.
  • Bacterial conjunctivitis usually shows purulent discharge and may cause the eyelids to stick together.
  • Allergic conjunctivitis presents with intense itching, bilateral eye involvement, and is often seasonal or related to allergen exposure.
  • Slit-lamp examination may be done for a closer view of the conjunctiva and cornea.
  • Conjunctival swabs may be taken for culture and sensitivity in severe, recurrent, or nonresponsive cases, especially to identify resistant organisms.
  • In neonates, special care is taken to rule out ophthalmia neonatorum, requiring specific testing. Timely diagnosis helps avoid complications like keratitis or corneal ulcers and ensures effective treatment, usually with lubricants, antihistamines, or antibiotics depending on the cause.

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FAQs

  • Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the clear tissue covering the white part of the eye and inside the eyelid). It can be caused by infections, allergies, or irritants.

  • Viral conjunctivitis: Caused by a virus, highly contagious.
  • Bacterial conjunctivitis: Caused by bacteria, may produce thick discharge.
  • Allergic conjunctivitis: Triggered by allergens like pollen or dust.

Symptoms include:

  • Red or pink eye
  • Itchy or burning sensation
  • Watery or thick discharge
  • Swollen eyelids
  • Sensitivity to light

Treatment depends on the cause:

  • Viral: Usually resolves on its own; cold compresses can help relieve discomfort.
  • Bacterial: Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are prescribed.
  • Allergic: Antihistamine or anti-inflammatory drops may be used.

  • Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis are highly contagious. To prevent spreading, avoid touching your eyes, wash your hands frequently, and don’t share towels or eye makeup.
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