How is it Diagnosed?
Wet macular degeneration, or neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is
diagnosed through a comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation, as it affects the central
retina (macula) and causes rapid vision loss. The diagnosis process begins with a
detailed history and symptoms review, often including complaints of blurred vision,
central blind spots, or visual distortion (metamorphopsia).
The first step in diagnosis involves a dilated eye exam using ophthalmoscopy. The
ophthalmologist looks for signs such as fluid accumulation, retinal swelling, or
hemorrhages in the macular area. One of the key diagnostic tools is Optical Coherence
Tomography (OCT), a non-invasive imaging test that provides cross-sectional views of
the retina, helping detect fluid or blood beneath the macula.
Fluorescein angiography is another essential diagnostic method. In this procedure, a
fluorescent dye is injected into a vein, and a special camera tracks its circulation
through the retinal blood vessels. The images help detect abnormal blood vessel growth
(choroidal neovascularization) and leakage, which are hallmark signs of wet AMD.
Indocyanine green angiography (ICG) may be used in some cases to visualize deeper
layers of choroidal blood vessels when fluorescein results are inconclusive.
Visual acuity tests and Amsler grid assessments are also employed to monitor and
document central vision changes.
Prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial for initiating anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial
growth factor) therapy, which can slow or halt the progression of wet AMD and
preserve vision.