How is it Diagnosed?
Oral cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination,
imaging, and tissue biopsy. The diagnostic process begins with a detailed medical and
dental history, including risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, HPV
infection, and family history. A physical examination is performed to inspect the mouth,
tongue, gums, floor of the mouth, and throat for abnormal lesions, ulcers, or growths
that do not heal.
Suspicious areas may be subjected to a biopsy, which is the gold standard for
confirming oral cancer. This may involve an incisional biopsy or a fine-needle aspiration
(FNA), particularly if lymph nodes are involved. Brush biopsy (cytology) may be used for
initial screening but is not definitive.
Imaging studies help determine the extent and spread of cancer. These include CT
(computed tomography) scans, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), and PET (positron
emission tomography) scans. Panoramic X-rays and intraoral radiographs are also used
to evaluate involvement of jaw bones.
In advanced cases, endoscopy may be employed to assess the oropharynx and larynx.
TNM staging (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) guides treatment planning. Early detection
greatly improves the prognosis, which is why regular dental check-ups are crucial,
especially for individuals in high-risk groups.