How is it Diagnosed?
PCOD is diagnosed through a combination of clinical assessment, laboratory tests, and
imaging. The diagnosis is based on the presence of at least two of the following criteria:
irregular or absent ovulation, elevated androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries on
ultrasound (Rotterdam criteria). A thorough medical history focusing on menstrual
irregularities, weight gain, acne, and excessive hair growth (hirsutism) is essential.
Physical examination often reveals signs of androgen excess. Blood tests are ordered to
measure hormone levels, including LH, FSH, testosterone, DHEA-S, and insulin. These
help exclude other causes of hyperandrogenism like congenital adrenal hyperplasia or
androgen-secreting tumors. A pelvic ultrasound, typically transvaginal, is performed to
assess the ovaries for the presence of multiple small follicles (more than 12 in each
ovary) and increased ovarian volume.
Additionally, metabolic assessments including lipid
profile and glucose tolerance test are conducted, as PCOD is associated with insulin
resistance and increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Thyroid function tests and
prolactin levels may also be evaluated to rule out other endocrine disorders. Overall, a
multidisciplinary approach is often employed for accurate diagnosis and to manage
associated risks.