How is it Diagnosed?
Hypertension is diagnosed primarily through repeated blood pressure (BP)
measurements using a calibrated sphygmomanometer or digital device. Diagnosis
requires elevated BP readings (≥140/90 mmHg) on at least two separate occasions.
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) or Home Blood Pressure Monitoring
(HBPM) may be used to confirm persistent hypertension and rule out white-coat
hypertension.
The diagnostic process includes a detailed medical history—family history of
hypertension, lifestyle factors (diet, alcohol, smoking), stress, and symptoms like
headaches, dizziness, or blurred vision. A thorough physical examination is conducted
to assess for signs of end-organ damage (e.g., hypertensive retinopathy, left ventricular
hypertrophy).
Laboratory tests are essential to evaluate secondary causes and assess target organ
effects. These include serum electrolytes, creatinine, fasting glucose, lipid profile, and
urinalysis. An ECG is performed to detect cardiac abnormalities. In suspected secondary
hypertension (especially in younger patients or those with resistant hypertension),
further evaluations such as renal ultrasound, thyroid function tests, or adrenal hormone
assessments may be warranted.
Diagnosis helps categorize hypertension into stages (Stage 1, 2, or hypertensive crisis)
and guides management. Early and accurate diagnosis is vital to prevent complications
like stroke, myocardial infarction, and kidney failure.