How is it Diagnosed?
Mouth cancer (oral cancer) is diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination,
imaging, and biopsy. The process begins with a detailed history focusing on symptoms
such as persistent mouth ulcers, lumps, difficulty swallowing, unexplained bleeding, or
numbness. Risk factors like tobacco use, alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus
(HPV) exposure, and poor oral hygiene are also explored.
A thorough physical examination of the oral cavity is done to identify any suspicious
lesions, discoloration, or mass. If any abnormality is found, the next step is typically a
biopsy—either incisional or excisional—to confirm the presence of malignant cells. The
biopsy specimen is examined histopathologically to determine the type and grade of
cancer.
Imaging studies play a vital role in assessing the extent of disease. Common imaging
modalities include CT scan, MRI, and PET-CT, which help evaluate local invasion, lymph
node involvement, and distant metastasis. In some cases, ultrasound-guided fine needle
aspiration cytology (FNAC) of cervical lymph nodes is done. Endoscopic examination
may be required for deeper lesions or suspected extension to adjacent structures like
the oropharynx or larynx.
Staging is then performed using the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, guiding
treatment decisions and prognosis. Blood tests and chest X-rays may be included to
assess overall health and metastatic spread. Early diagnosis significantly improves
outcomes, underscoring the importance of regular dental checkups and prompt
evaluation of suspicious symptoms.