How is it Diagnosed?
The diagnosis of a spinal tumor involves a combination of clinical evaluation,
neurological assessment, and imaging studies. The process typically begins with an
assessment of symptoms such as localized or radiating back pain, numbness, muscle
weakness, difficulty walking, or loss of bowel and bladder control. A thorough
neurological examination is performed to assess reflexes, strength, sensory deficits, and
coordination.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) with contrast is the gold standard for diagnosing
spinal tumors. It provides high-resolution images of the spinal cord, nerve roots, and
surrounding soft tissues, helping distinguish between intramedullary, extramedullary,
and extradural tumors. CT scans may be used as an adjunct to evaluate bony
involvement or calcifications associated with the tumor.
If a tumor is detected, a biopsy is essential for histopathological examination to
determine whether it is benign or malignant and to identify the tumor type (e.g.,
meningioma, schwannoma, metastasis). PET scans or whole-body imaging may be used
to identify primary tumors in cases of suspected metastasis.
Blood tests, including tumor markers, and CSF analysis (in certain cases) may support
the diagnosis. The evaluation is often multidisciplinary, involving neurosurgeons,
oncologists, and radiologists.
Early diagnosis is crucial, especially in malignant or metastatic cases, to initiate
appropriate treatment and prevent irreversible neurological damage.