How is it Diagnosed?
Spinal fracture injuries are diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation and
imaging studies. The process starts with a detailed history of the trauma or injury event,
assessment of the patient’s symptoms (such as sudden back pain, reduced mobility, or
neurologic deficits), and physical examination to evaluate tenderness, spinal deformity,
or neurological function.
X-rays are the initial imaging modality used to identify fractures in the vertebral column.
However, subtle or complex fractures, especially those involving the posterior elements
of the spine or spinal cord, often require further evaluation using CT (Computed
Tomography) scans, which provide a more detailed visualization of bony structures.
For assessing potential spinal cord injury, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is critical.
It can detect soft tissue damage, ligamentous injury, edema, hematoma, and spinal cord
compression, which are often missed on X-rays or CT.
Neurological examination evaluates motor function, sensory responses, and reflexes to
determine the extent of any spinal cord involvement. In cases of suspected
osteoporosis-related compression fractures, bone mineral density tests (DEXA scans)
may be conducted to assess underlying bone health.
Classification systems like the Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score
(TLICS) help determine the severity of injury and guide treatment decisions. Accurate
and early diagnosis is essential to prevent permanent neurologic damage and to
determine whether conservative management or surgical intervention is needed.