Acute Kidney Disease

Overview

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Acute kidney disease, also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is a rapid decline in kidney function over a short period, typically within hours to days. This condition can lead to the accumulation of waste products and imbalances in electrolytes and fluids. Acute kidney injury can be caused by a variety of factors, ranging from infections to medications, and it requires prompt diagnosis and management to prevent serious complications.

This condition can lead to the accumulation of waste products and imbalances in electrolytes and fluids. Acute kidney injury can be caused by a variety of factors, ranging from infections to medications, and it requires prompt diagnosis and management to prevent serious complications.

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Symptoms
  • Reduced Urine Output: Decreased urine production or no urine output.
  • Swelling: Fluid retention leading to swelling in the legs, ankles, or face.
  • Fatigue: General tiredness or weakness.
  • Shortness of Breath: Fluid buildup in the lungs can cause difficulty breathing.
  • Nausea and Vomiting: Gastrointestinal symptoms due to the buildup of toxins.
  • Confusion or Altered Mental Status: Changes in mental state due to imbalances in electrolytes or buildup of waste products.
  • High Blood Pressure: Elevated blood pressure resulting from fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
  • Chest Pain: Rare, but can occur if fluid accumulation affects the heart.
Complications
  • Chronic Kidney Disease: AKI can progress to chronic kidney disease if not managed effectively.
  • Fluid Overload: Excessive fluid retention can lead to pulmonary edema or heart failure.
  • Electrolyte Imbalances: Imbalances in potassium, calcium, or sodium levels can cause serious cardiac or neurological issues.
  • Metabolic Acidosis: Accumulation of acids in the blood, which can disrupt various bodily functions.
  • Infection: Increased risk of infections due to compromised immune function or prolonged hospital stays.
  • Death: Severe AKI can be life-threatening, especially if it progresses or is associated with underlying conditions.
Causes

Pre-Renal Causes: Factors that reduce blood flow to the kidneys, such as:

  • Dehydration: Loss of fluids due to vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating.
  • Heart Failure: Decreased blood flow due to heart conditions.
  • Severe Blood Loss: Trauma or surgery leading to significant blood loss.

Intrinsic Renal Causes: Direct damage to the kidney tissues, including:

  • Acute Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney’s filtering units (glomeruli).
  • Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN): Damage to the kidney tubules, often caused by toxins or medications.
  • Infections: Kidney infections (pyelonephritis) or systemic infections affecting the kidneys.

Post-Renal Causes: Obstruction of urine flow, such as:

  • Kidney Stones: Stones blocking the urinary tract.
  • Enlarged Prostate: In men, an enlarged prostate can obstruct urine flow.
  • Bladder Outlet Obstruction: Conditions affecting the bladder's ability to empty completely.
Prevention
  • Hydration: Maintain adequate fluid intake, especially in situations of illness, heat, or increased fluid loss.
  • Medication Management: Use medications responsibly and avoid nephrotoxic drugs unless prescribed by a healthcare provider.
  • Monitoring: Regularly monitor kidney function in individuals with chronic conditions or those at high risk of AKI.
  • Infection Control: Prevent infections through good hygiene and timely treatment of infections
Risk Factors
  • Preexisting Kidney Disease: Individuals with chronic kidney disease are at higher risk for AKI.
  • Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage kidney tissues over time.
  • Hypertension: High blood pressure can affect kidney function and increase the risk of AKI.
  • Cardiac Conditions: Heart failure or other cardiac conditions can reduce blood flow to the kidneys.
  • Severe Illnesses: Critical illnesses, such as sepsis, can lead to AKI.
  • Use of Certain Medications: Drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and certain antibiotics can be harmful to the kidneys.
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How is it treated?

Supportive Care:

  • Fluid Management: Administer intravenous fluids to correct dehydration or fluid imbalances.
  • Electrolyte Monitoring: Monitor and manage electrolyte levels to prevent imbalances.
  • Nutritional Support: Adjust diet to manage waste products and support overall health.

Addressing the Underlying Cause:

  • Treat Infections: Administer appropriate antibiotics or antiviral medications for infections.
  • Discontinue Nephrotoxic Drugs: Avoid or adjust the use of medications that may be harmful to the kidneys.
  • Manage Obstructions: Relieve any urinary tract obstructions through medical or surgical interventions.
  • Dialysis: In severe cases where kidney function is critically impaired, dialysis may be required to perform the kidneys' functions of filtering waste and excess fluid from the blood.
  • Monitoring and Follow-Up: Continuous monitoring of kidney function and regular follow-up with healthcare providers to assess recovery and manage any long-term effects.
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How is it Diagnosed?

Acute Kidney Disease (AKD) encompasses a spectrum between acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), usually diagnosed when renal dysfunction lasts 7–90 days. Diagnosis starts with medical history focused on recent illnesses, nephrotoxic drug exposure (NSAIDs, antibiotics), dehydration, or urinary obstruction. Symptoms may include reduced urine output, fatigue, swelling, or confusion.

The primary diagnostic tool is a rise in serum creatinine, indicating impaired filtration. Urinalysis helps determine etiology: presence of protein, red or white blood cells, or casts can suggest glomerular, tubular, or interstitial damage. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are used to classify severity.

Imaging, particularly renal ultrasound, assesses kidney size and rule out obstruction or structural abnormalities. Additional tests such as fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa), urine osmolality, and electrolyte levels assist in differentiating prerenal, intrinsic, or postrenal causes.

In select cases, renal biopsy may be needed to confirm diagnosis, especially if glomerulonephritis or interstitial nephritis is suspected. Early identification and management are crucial to prevent progression to irreversible chronic kidney disease.

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FAQs

  • Acute kidney disease, also known as acute kidney injury (AKI), is the sudden loss of kidney function. It occurs over hours or days and can be caused by dehydration, infections, toxins, or underlying conditions.

Symptoms include:

  • Decreased urine output
  • Swelling in the legs, ankles, or face
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Confusion or drowsiness

  • AKI is diagnosed through blood tests (to check creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels) and urine tests. Imaging studies (like ultrasounds) may be done to assess kidney structure.

  • Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as rehydrating the patient, treating infections, or managing medications that might be damaging the kidneys. In severe cases, dialysis may be required temporarily.

  • AKI can often be prevented by staying hydrated, avoiding nephrotoxic medications (like certain painkillers), and managing conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure.
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