How is it Diagnosed?
Acute diarrhea is characterized by the sudden onset of three or more loose or watery
stools per day, lasting less than two weeks. Diagnosis begins with a thorough history,
including recent travel, food intake, medication use (e.g., antibiotics), and exposure to
contaminated water or sick individuals. A physical examination evaluates signs of
dehydration such as dry mucosa, poor skin turgor, hypotension, and altered mental
status.
Laboratory tests are often not needed in mild cases. However, in cases with bloody
stools, high fever, prolonged symptoms, or suspected outbreaks, stool studies are
essential. These include stool cultures to detect bacterial pathogens (e.g., Salmonella,
Shigella, E. coli), ova and parasite tests for protozoa (e.g., Giardia lamblia), and
Clostridium difficile toxin assay if antibiotic-associated diarrhea is suspected. A
complete blood count (CBC) may show leukocytosis in bacterial infections. Electrolyte
panels help assess dehydration severity and guide fluid management.
For hospitalized or immunocompromised patients, further diagnostics may include
imaging to rule out complications such as colitis or bowel perforation. Management
decisions depend on etiology, hydration status, and presence of alarming symptoms.