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Periodontitis

Overview

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Periodontitis is a severe gum infection that damages the soft tissue and can destroy the bone that supports your teeth. It’s a common but serious oral health condition, often a progression from untreated gingivitis (gum inflammation). Left untreated, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and increase the risk of systemic health issues like heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory conditions.

It’s a common but serious oral health condition, often a progression from untreated gingivitis (gum inflammation). Left untreated, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and increase the risk of systemic health issues like heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory conditions.

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Symptoms

Periodontitis is a serious gum infection that damages the soft tissue and can destroy the bone that supports your teeth. It's usually the result of poor oral hygiene that allows plaque-a sticky film of bacteria-to build up on teeth and harden. If not treated, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and has been linked to other health issues.

Complications
  • Gum Inflammation: Red, swollen, and tender gums.
  • Bleeding Gums: Gums that bleed during brushing or flossing.
  • Bad Breath: Persistent bad breath (halitosis) that doesn't go away.
  • Receding Gums: Gums that pull away from teeth, creating pockets.
  • Tooth Mobility: Teeth that feel loose or shift position.
  • Changes in Bite: Altered bite due to shifting teeth.
Causes
  • Tooth Loss: Severe damage to the supporting structures can lead to loss of teeth.
  • Bone Loss: Destruction of the bone supporting the teeth.
  • Systemic Health Issues: Linked to other conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory diseases.
  • Abscess Formation: Painful pus-filled areas that may require surgical drainage.
Prevention
  • Good Oral Hygiene: Regular brushing and flossing to remove plaque.
  • Regular Dental Check-Ups: Professional cleanings and exams to detect early signs of periodontitis.
  • Balanced Diet: Eating a healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals to support gum health.
  • Avoiding Tobacco: Reducing or quitting smoking and using tobacco products.
  • Managing Health Conditions: Controlling diabetes and other systemic conditions.
Risk Factors
  • Age: Older adults are at higher risk.
  • Hormonal Changes: Changes during pregnancy, menstruation, or menopause can affect gum health.
  • Nutritional Deficiencies: Lack of essential nutrients, particularly vitamin C.
  • Stress: Can impact immune response and make it harder to fight infections.
  • Medications: Certain medications can reduce saliva flow, increasing risk for gum disease.
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How is it treated?

  • Deep Cleaning (Scaling and Root Planing): A thorough cleaning below the gum line to remove plaque and tartar.
  • Medications: Antibiotics or antimicrobial mouth rinses to reduce bacteria and inflammation.
  • Surgical Treatments: For advanced periodontitis, procedures such as flap surgery or bone grafts may be necessary.
  • Ongoing Maintenance: Regular dental visits and at-home care to maintain gum health.

Conclusion

  • Periodontitis is a common but preventable disease that can have serious consequences if left untreated. Maintaining good oral hygiene, regular dental visits, and addressing risk factors are key to preventing and managing this condition. If you experience symptoms, consult a dental professional for evaluation and treatment.
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How is it Diagnosed?

Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, is diagnosed through clinical examination, radiographic assessment, and sometimes laboratory testing. The diagnosis begins with a thorough dental history, including symptoms like gum bleeding, bad breath, tooth mobility, and gum recession. A clinical periodontal examination assesses gingival inflammation, pocket depth, attachment loss, bleeding on probing, and tooth mobility. The depth of periodontal pockets is measured using a periodontal probe; a depth greater than 4 mm often indicates periodontitis. Radiographic imaging, usually via periapical or panoramic X-rays, is essential to evaluate the extent of alveolar bone loss around teeth, which distinguishes periodontitis from simple gingivitis. In some advanced cases, cone-beam CT (CBCT) imaging may be used for detailed 3D assessment. Microbiological tests, though not routinely performed, may be used to identify specific pathogenic bacteria. In systemic or refractory cases, blood tests may be done to assess glycemic control or immune status, particularly in patients with diabetes or other systemic conditions. Accurate staging and grading of periodontitis are vital for treatment planning, which ranges from scaling and root planing to surgical interventions. Early diagnosis plays a key role in preventing tooth loss and systemic complications.

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