How is it Diagnosed?
Jaw tumors and cysts can be benign or malignant and may arise from the jawbone or
associated soft tissues. Diagnosis starts with a detailed history and clinical examination,
focusing on symptoms such as painless swelling, facial asymmetry, loosening of teeth,
numbness, or difficulty in chewing.
On physical exam, any visible or palpable masses, intraoral swellings, or displaced teeth
are noted. Imaging is critical in evaluating the lesion's size, location, and characteristics.
A panoramic X-ray (orthopantomogram) is usually the first step to detect radiolucent or
radiopaque lesions suggestive of cysts or tumors. CT scans and MRI are often required
for detailed assessment of bony expansion, cortical involvement, and soft tissue
extension.
Cone-beam CT (CBCT) offers high-resolution images of localized jaw structures, making
it ideal for pre-surgical planning. In suspected aggressive or malignant lesions, MRI
helps assess infiltration into surrounding tissues. For definitive diagnosis, biopsy is
essential. It can be incisional (sample portion) or excisional (complete removal) and is
followed by histopathological examination to determine the exact nature—e.g.,
odontogenic keratocyst, ameloblastoma, or carcinoma.
Blood tests and tumor markers are occasionally used to rule out systemic involvement,
especially in malignant cases. Advanced molecular or immunohistochemical tests may
be used for certain tumors. Accurate diagnosis ensures appropriate management,
whether surgical removal, curettage, marsupialization, or oncology referral.