Craniotomy

• Anesthesia: General anesthesia is administered unless it is an awake craniotomy, in which local anesthesia and sedation are used.
• Positioning: The patient is positioned in a way that allows optimal access to the affected area of the brain. The head is often placed in a device to keep it immobile.
• Incision and Bone Flap: The surgeon makes an incision in the scalp, reflecting the skin and muscles. A portion of the skull (bone flap) is carefully removed using surgical tools.
• Brain Exposure and Treatment: Once the skull is opened, the brain tissue or the specific area of concern is exposed. The surgeon may remove a tumor, repair an aneurysm, drain a clot, or perform other necessary tasks.
• Closure: After the procedure, the bone flap is replaced and secured with plates and screws. The scalp incision is then sutured or stapled closed.
• Postoperative Care: The patient is closely monitored in the recovery area or an intensive care unit (ICU) for neurological function, bleeding, and infection.

While craniotomy is often essential, it comes with a range of potential risks, including:

• Infection: Meningitis or infection at the surgical site.
• Bleeding: Hemorrhage within the brain or at the surgical site.
• Seizures: Postoperative seizures may occur.
• Swelling: Brain swelling (cerebral edema) can cause increased intracranial pressure.
• Neurological Deficits: Depending on the area of the brain involved, there may be weakness, speech difficulties, vision loss, or cognitive impairment.
• Memory and Personality Changes: Potential changes in cognition, memory, or behavior.
• Stroke or Blood Clots: Disruption of blood flow may lead to stroke.
• Anesthesia Risks: Complications associated with general anesthesia, such as allergic reactions or respiratory issues.